Interpersonal Communication Is An Essential Element Of

Interpersonal communication is an essential element of the human existence. A substantial part of interpersonal communication is nonverbal. Adler, Rosenfeld, and Proctor define nonverbal communication as â€Å"messages expressed by nonlinguistic means† (204). These messages can be used for different reasons, intentionally or unintentionally. Sometimes nonverbal communication is used to replace words, other times it is used to enhance words. There are also times nonverbal communication is used without the user’s awareness of having sent a message. It is said that â€Å"all nonverbal behavior communicates information† (Adler et al. 204). There are many ways a communicator can send nonverbal messages. These include body movements, facial movements,†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"There are at least 8 distinguishable positions of the eyebrows and forehead, 8 more of the eyes and lids, and 10 for the lower face† (Adler et al. 216). This makes the face one o f the most expressive parts of nonverbal communication. I witnessed a woman reacting to her party host tell a sexually inappropriate story around the dinner table. Her eyebrows were pinched, forehead was wrinkled, and she had a slight frown on the corner of her lips. This is a great example of facial displays because it involves many parts of her face working together to share her feelings. I interpreted her facial display to mean she was appalled and completely disapproved of the dinner conversation. It was clear that the woman did not want to be disrespectful by verbally sharing her opinion. She was able to show respect by withholding her words and providing a facial display instead. It is interesting to learn that vocal elements are not verbal communication. Vocal elements, or paralanguage, is â€Å"the way a message is spoken† (Adler et al. 220). Vocal elements include â€Å"rate, pronunciation, pitch, tone, volume, and emphasis† (Adler et al. 220). A good example of paralanguage is a wife saying to her husband â€Å"I’ve never seen you go shopping before,† with emphasis on the words â€Å"never† and â€Å"you.† It is safe to assume she is in disbelief that her husband hasShow MoreRelatedNursing Theorist, Hildegard Peplau Knew That In Order To1533 Words   |  7 Pagesknew that in order to care for patients, the nurse must establish a strong relationship with the patient. This is an essential element in being able to provide adequate planning, diagnosing, and the successful treatment of patients. Personally, my desire to learn more about Peplau’s theory is because it is a very significant quality to have as a nurse. Nursing is a very interpersonal career, and by forming trusting relationships with patients early in one’s nursing practice, I can provide the bestRead MoreThe Theory Of A Nurse1497 Words   |  6 PagesPeplau knew that in order to care for patients, the nurse must establish a strong relationship with the patient. 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English 79 Essay on Role Models Free Essays

English 79 Role Models Some humans feel that â€Å"people such as entertainers and athletes are ideal role models for young people. † I disagree with that. In fact, I feel the opposite is true. We will write a custom essay sample on English 79 Essay on Role Models or any similar topic only for you Order Now I have seen many cases where young people end up in all sorts of trouble because they where imitating something that an entertainer or athlete did. People such as entertainers and athletes are poor role models for young people. To begin with, entertainers and athletes usually live immoral lives. Even if their mouths are not polluted with foul language, their actions are unwholesome. An example who comes to mind is Barry Bonds, who took drugs to improve his sports performance. Other athletes take drugs to improve their physical appearance. This is a horrible example for young people. Similarly, many entertainers they too are morally unclean. It seems like every other day I hear about an entertainer who has a drug or alcohol problem. You can read about all of their slip-ups in the newspaper. Their various problems are also portrayed by the media. Sometimes movies are made about their addictions. Songs have been written about their very risque lifestyles. Both of these cases prove that athletes and entertainers usually live immoral lives. Moreover, entertainers and athletes usually do not have a satisfying, nor life-long career. They may become outdated or out of style, or they may get hurt. For instance, entertainers usually don’t have a long career, because they get replaced. A younger generation is brought into the spot light, and the older generation is pushed out of the spot light. Similarly trends change so frequently, that what was once popular before is now out of style. With that comes the challenge of pleasing people’s demand for the newest, and the best. All of that would make me want to end my career too. Likewise, athletes face numerous physical problems causing harm to their bodies. Many break bones, or injure themselves beyond the point of repair. Often an athlete retires at an early age permanently injured and severely crippled. Just think about Bo Jackson, who had to give up his football and baseball careers because he injured his hip while playing. As shown by these two examples, entertainers and athletes usually don’t have a satisfying, life-long career. Lastly, entertainers and athletes do not live in the â€Å"real† world. They are not in touch with reality and live extremely extravagant lives. For example, you can look at almost all of the athlete’s homes, and you find not just normal houses, but plush mansions. Their incredibly large homes house only a few people. Most require the best of the best in everything. Many people can’t even afford to eat, yet athletes chow down on Kobe beef and caviar. How can somebody actually spend so much money on things that really are not necessary? Finally, entertainers and athletes do not receive repercussions for their bad actions. If caught driving under the influence, they rarely spend one night in jail. I have seen so many court cases where a â€Å"star† was merely given a warning. Had they been a â€Å"normal† person they would have gone straight to jail. Entertainers must have a get out of jail free card, or something. Not only are they endangering themselves, but also everyone around them. Judges just don’t pay any attention to that. Look at Jack Nicholson, who was caught driving while heavily intoxicated; he only had to pay a very small fee. Entertainers are let off the hook way too easily, and athletes have too much money to spend. In these instances it is obvious that entertainers and athletes do not live in the â€Å"real† world. As you can see, entertainers and athletes are poor role models for young people. With all of the evidence brought forth, how on earth could they be a good role model for anyone? Entertainers and athletes usually live immoral lives and they do not have a satisfying, or life-long career. Also, they are not in touch with the â€Å"real† world. Unfortunately, many people still believe that athletes and entertainers are good role models for young people. How to cite English 79 Essay on Role Models, Essay examples

Research Design Qualitative Data Analysis

Question: Discuss about the Research Design Qualitative Data Analysis. Answer: Background of the study Research being one of the most significant elements in the field of nursing and healthcare, demands critical appraisal of research articles to discover significant findings and improve the quality of health care provided. The article that is being appraised here is titled as Compromised Communication: a qualitative study exploring Afghan families and health professionals experience of interpreting support in Australian maternity care (Yelland et al., 2016). It is evident from the title that the study is focused on the communication between Afghan families and health professionals and quality of healthcare provided in maternity cares. It deals with language support low English proficiency refugee groups like Afghan men and women in Australia and how that affects the communication with health professionals. Communication between Communication between health professionals and patients is a determining factor on how efficiently care is being provided. Communication is most challenging when the native language of the patients differs from that of health professionals. As the study deals with language support to Afghan refugee and experience of health professionals in communicating with the target group, it has significant implications in the field of health science. Overview of research design The aim of the study is To describe the experience of Afghan men and women regarding language support during pregnancy, check-ups, labour and birth. To obtain what the health professionals experience regarding communication with low English proficiency patients including Afghan refugees. And to consider suggestions regarding health services and policies The study design that was used was a qualitative study. The study design is appropriate because very few studies have been conducted previously that focused on communication discrepancies between the concerned study groups. Sampling The study participants included 16 Afghan women, 14 Afghan men, 5 medical practitioners and 19 community based health professionals who provided maternal or early postnatal care. The inclusion criteria were women and men of age 18 years or more who were born in Afghanistan and had a baby who was 4-12 months old. For health professionals the inclusion criteria were having recent experience of providing maternity and early postnatal care or managing services that provided maternity and early postnatal care for Afghan families. Inclusion and Exclusion criteria are important parameters in any research as it helps identify the most suitable candidate for the particular research. It helps the researcher to screen potential participants to get optimized data relevant for the study (McDonagh, Peterson, Raina, Chang, Shekelle, 2017). The criteria were important for conducting the study to concentrate upon a certain study group so that the findings can have significant implications on the target group. Community researchers worked with community advisor group, key community leaders and community groups of the project to identify the eligible participants in the Afghan population. The stakeholder advisory group identified contacts in their organisations and promoted the research to encourage participation among the health professionals. Samplings of health professionals were done according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria after they contacted the research team. A research design plans and structures the strategies employed in a research. It helps the researcher to narrow down on the key points that needs to be focused upon (Creswell, 2013). It is basically the framework of the overall research to be conducted. The research design was appropriate as because the research problem was to describe the communicating problems faced by Afghan men and women and health professionals during perinatal stages due to language discrepancies. So the sampling and inclusion criteria were appropriate for the study. The sample size was determined based on the study region and the particular community of refugees. It was conducted in one region of Melbourne and included Afghan refugees only. The sample size is one of the significant limitations of the study. Due to such constraints the study finding cannot be extrapolated to other regions and communities. Data collection Data was collected by conducting interviews in languages preferred by the participants. In qualitative research data are collected by direct interaction in a one to one method or in a group setting. This can be done by conducting interviews, focus groups, action research and observations (Palinkas, et al., 2015). The data collection method in this study was appropriate for the study as it was a qualitative study and the study problem was to describe the personal experiences of the target groups. Rigor is a term very commonly used in scientific researches, both quantitative and qualitative. It is more often associated with qualitative studies as does not have an experimental basis to it. It depends on factors such as Truth value or credibility, applicability, consistency and neutrality of a study. Data analysis/results The interviews were recorded digitally, those conducted in community languages were transcribes and cross-checked by the research team. All the transcripts were coded manually and entered into NVivo10 software for qualitative analysis. A coding manual was developed based on transcripts from the first two men and first two women. The codes were placed into logical categories and theme of language services and communication was reported in the study. Content analysis is an efficient method of qualitative data analysis. It includes categorisation of verbal data collected from interviews to achieve a summary and classification of the same (Miles, Huberman Saldana, 2013). The method for data analysis was efficient as all the essential steps to analyse a qualitative data efficiently were followed. Further, NVivo10 is helps organize data from interviews in a structured and organised manner ("What is NVivo? | QSR International", 2017). Organising a qualitative data is significant to achieve new insights from the study. The study findings show that Afghan women rely mostly on their husband regarding interpretation. There was very scarce engagement of accredited interpreters during pregnancy and virtually none during labour and birth. The reliance on Afghan men to interpret is against the language policies of Victoria. The engagement of family members for interpretation is a cause of concern as it is often biased and non-uniform conveyance of information. Further, health professionals may refrain from asking about various sensitive issues regarding the personal lives of the patients like family violence and inhibit the patient to provide frank responses. It was also found that health professionals feel that the appointment systems are not fully flexible to facilitate interpreter engagement. Moreover, the study shows that lack of interpreter engagement is not solely due to resource strains but they were not actively engaged if when available to the client and the provider at zero costs. Although the study findings were uniform with findings from other regions and communities it is not scientific to extrapolate it to other regions due to limitations in sampling of the target groups and the sample size itself. Evidence utilization It has been stated in the research paper itself that other studies have found that immigrant women face communication difficulties with health professionals who provide maternity care. The findings of the present study are consistent with previous studies. Thus these findings can be applied in clinical practice at least in regions were the study has been conducted and to the concerned community. References Creswell, J. W. (2013).Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. McDonagh, M., Peterson, K., Raina, P., Chang, S., Shekelle, P. (2017). Avoiding Bias in Selecting Studies. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 16 March 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK126701/ Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., Saldana, J. (2013).Qualitative data analysis. Sage. Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research.Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research,42(5), 533-544. What is NVivo? | QSR International. (2017). Qsrinternational.com. Retrieved 16 March 2017, from https://www.qsrinternational.com/what-is-nvivo Yelland, J., Riggs, E., Szwarc, J., Casey, S., Duell-Piening, P., Chesters, D., ... Brown, S. (2016). Compromised communication: a qualitative study exploring Afghan families and health professionals experience of interpreting support in Australian maternity care.BMJ quality safety,25(4), e1-e1.